Chromeos version

Full-featured bash[143] shell (which is supposed to be used for development purposes[144]) can be opened via VT-2, and is also accessible using the crosh command shell.[145] It is also accessible via the key shortcut crtl+alt+t. To access full privileges in shell (e.g. sudo) a root password is requested. For some time the default was "chronos" in ChromeOS and "facepunch" in ChromeOS Vanilla[146] and later the default was empty, and instructions on updating it were displayed at each login.Open sourceChromeOS is partially developed under the open-source ChromiumOS project.[147] As with other open-source projects, developers can modify the code from ChromiumOS and build their own versions, whereas ChromeOS code is only supported by Google and its partners and only runs on hardware designed for the purpose. Unlike ChromiumOS, ChromeOS is automatically updated to the latest version.[13]ChromeOS on WindowsOn Windows 8, exceptions allow the default desktop web browser to offer a variant that can run inside its full-screen "Metro" shell and access features such as the Share charm, without necessarily needing to be written with Windows Runtime. Chrome's "Windows 8 mode" was previously a tablet-optimized version of the standard Chrome interface. In October 2013, the mode was changed on Developer channel to offer a variant of the ChromeOS desktop.[148][149][150][151][152]Early in the project, Google provided publicly many details of ChromeOS' design goals and direction,[153] although the company has not followed up with a technical description of the completed operating system.User interfaceDesign goals for ChromeOS' user interface included using minimal screen space by combining applications

Similar specifications, a notable addition was a Wacom-branded stylus that does not require a battery or charging.[84]ChromeOS supports multi-monitor setups on devices with a video-out port, USB 3.0 Standard-A or USB-C, the latter being preferable.[85]On February 16, 2022, Google announced a development version of ChromeOS Flex—a distribution of ChromeOS that can be installed on conventional PC hardware to replace other operating systems such as Windows and macOS. It is similar to CloudReady, a distribution of ChromiumOS whose developers were acquired by Google in 2020.[86][87]ChromeOS automatic updates are available for 10 years for all Chromebook models manufactured in 2019 and onwards, these updates are for the operating system, browser and hardware.[88] Google maintains a web page with their Auto Update policy and the end date for all ChromeOS devices manufactured.[89]Previously the automatic update period was 8 years, and shorter prior to that although the earlier models had continued to receive updates for longer.[90][91]Initially, ChromeOS was a pure thin client operating system that relied primarily on servers to host web applications and related data storage.[92][93] Google gradually began encouraging developers to create "packaged applications", and later, Chrome Apps by employing HTML5, CSS, Adobe Shockwave, and JavaScript to provide a user experience closer to a native application.[94][95]In September 2014, Google launched App Runtime for Chrome (ARC), which allowed certain ported[96] Android applications to run on ChromeOS. Runtime was launched with four Android applications: Duolingo, Evernote, Sight Words, and Vine.[97] In 2016, the second version, ARC++, was introduced, using Linux kernel features cgroups and

ChromeOS through the use of Crouton, a third-party set of scripts that allows access to a Linux distribution such as Ubuntu.[127] However, in 2018 Google announced that desktop Linux apps were officially coming to ChromeOS.[128] The main benefit claimed by Google of their official Linux application support is that it can run without enabling developer mode, keeping many of the security features of ChromeOS. It was noticed in the ChromiumOS source code in early 2018.[129][130] Early parts of Crostini were made available for the Google Pixelbook via the dev channel in February 2018 as part of ChromeOS version 66,[131][132] and it was enabled by default via the beta channel for testing on a variety of Chromebooks in August 2018 with version 69.[133]ArchitectureGoogle's project for supporting Linux applications in ChromeOS is called Crostini, named for the Italian bread-based starter, and as a pun on Crouton. Crostini runs a virtual machine through a virtual machine monitor called crosvm, which uses Linux's built-in KVM virtualization tool. Although crosvm supports multiple virtual machines, the one used for running Linux apps, Termina, contains a basic ChromeOS kernel based on Gentoo, in which it runs containers based on LXD.[134] In the interest of stability and recovery, no Linux apps run on the virtual machine itself; any installed Linux userland ecosystem runs in an isolated container, all of which are deployed and managed by the virtual machine.[135] A Debian container with host system integration is provided by default.[136][137] Users can install programs to this installation by using

Introduces Rugged ThinkPad Chromebook for Schools".[37][38]When Google released Google Drive, they also included Drive integration in ChromeOS version 20, released in July 2012.[39] While ChromeOS had supported Adobe Flash since 2010,[40] by the end of 2012 it had been fully sandboxed, preventing issues with Flash from affecting other parts of ChromeOS.[41] This affected all versions of Chrome including ChromeOS.Chromebook Pixel (2013)Chromebook Pixel (Wi-Fi) openUntil 2013, Google had never made their own ChromeOS device. Instead, ChromeOS devices were much more similar to their Nexus line of Android phones, with each ChromeOS device being designed, manufactured, and marketed by third-party manufacturers, but with Google controlling the software. However, in February 2013 this changed when Google released the Chromebook Pixel.[42] The Chromebook Pixel was totally different from previous devices. Not only was it entirely Google-branded, but it contained an Intel Core i5 processor, a high-resolution (2,560 × 1,700) touchscreen display, and came at a price more competitive with business laptops.[43]2013 to presentBy the end of 2013, analysts were undecided on the future of ChromeOS. Although there had been articles predicting the demise of ChromeOS since 2009,[44][45][46][47][48] ChromeOS device sales continued to increase substantially year-over-year. In mid-2014, Time magazine published an article titled "Depending on Who's Counting, Chromebooks are Either an Enormous Hit or Totally Irrelevant", which detailed the differences in opinion.[49] This uncertainty was further spurred by Intel's announcement of Intel-based Chromebooks, Chromeboxes, and an all-in-one offering from LG called the Chromebase.[50]Seizing the opportunity created by the end of life for Windows XP,

Chromebooks are great devices, capable of carrying out hundreds of commands and built to last many years thanks to impressive hardware and reliable software support. Still, nothing in the world of technology lasts forever. When your Chromebook reaches the end of its life, look at one of our favorite Chromebooks before safely recycling your old device. What if you could breathe new life into your old Chromebook by updating it using current software? Or perhaps you have an old Windows or Mac that you want to try to turn into a Chromebook? If you want to try this, ChromeOS Flex can keep your computer up-to-date with software straight from the cloud. Let's dig in. How does ChromeOS Flex work on a Chromebook? One of Chromebooks' Achilles heels is their support lifetime. After a certain period of time, they reach what is known as the Auto Update Expiration (AUE) date. This date means that Google no longer provides updates, features, security, or otherwise. Chromebooks used to reach AUE in as little as five years, but in 2020, Google announced that some Chromebooks are eligible for nine years of updates. Source: Google ChromeOS Flex isn't new. It's a hybrid between the typical version of ChromeOS and Neverware's CloudReady. The latter takes the open source Chromium OS system and expands its support for PCs and Macs. A few years ago, Google bought Neverware, and we've since received confirmation of Google's goal to merge the two code bases. This is even more evident when loading the ChromeOS Flex installer, as the branding is curiously named CloudReady 2.0, with no trace of ChromeOS Flex in sight. The official Chromebook Recovery Utility extension can be used in the Chrome browser to set up the installer. Google announced that the operating system was stable and ready for wide-scale distribution to PCs and Macs in a blog post on July 14, 2022. When using the installer, you must Powerwash your device, which permanently deletes local files and factory resets your device. The first build of Flex was based on Chromium OS 100. The most difficult part about converting a standard Chromebook to ChromeOS Flex is unlocking the bootloader. This is one of many security features Google touts for its Chromebooks. While installing your own legacy BIOS bootloader is officially supported, ChromeOS Flex uses the newer UEFI standard, which is incompatible. You must replace your bootloader with something like Coreboot. MrChromebox.tech to make the process moderately easy. ChromeOS Flex Chromebook installation When we grabbed an old Chromebook Pixel 2, used the MrChromebox.tech script to install a modified version of Coreboot, and got ChromeOS Flex onto a flash drive, we were ready to go! The installation process felt similar to

Google pushed hard to sell Chromebooks to businesses, offering significant discounts in early 2014.[51]ChromeOS devices outsold Apple Macs worldwide for the year 2020.[52][53][54]Since July 2021, ChromeOS's embedded controller was changed to be based on a Google maintained fork of Zephyr, a real time operating system.[55]Pwnium competitionIn March 2014, Google hosted a hacking contest aimed at computer security experts called "Pwnium". Similar to the Pwn2Own contest, they invited hackers from around the world to find exploits in ChromeOS, with prizes available for attacks. Two exploits were demonstrated there, and a third was demonstrated at that year's Pwn2Own competition. Google patched the issues within a week.[56]Material Design and app runtime for ChromeAlthough the Google Native Client has been available on ChromeOS since 2010,[57] there originally were few Native Client apps available, and most ChromeOS apps were still web apps. However, in June 2014, Google announced at Google I/O that ChromeOS would both synchronise with Android phones to share notifications and begin to run Android apps, installed directly from Google Play.[58] This, along with the broadening selection of Chromebooks,[59] laid the groundwork for future ChromeOS development.At the same time, Google was also moving towards the then-new Material Design design language for its products, which it would bring to its web products as well as Android Lollipop.[60] One of the first Material Design items to come to ChromeOS was a new default wallpaper.[61] Google's Material Design experiment for ChromeOS were added to the stable version with Chrome 117.[62]Functionality for small and medium businesses and